Air Bubble Entrainment In Free-surface Turbulen... Instant

The cavity collapses due to local instabilities, often following a power-law scaling.

The free surface begins to deform slightly, but no air is yet trapped. Air Bubble Entrainment in Free-Surface Turbulen...

A surface cavity develops, reaching deeper into the water while the sides remain smooth. The cavity collapses due to local instabilities, often

Air entrainment is not a singular event but a multi-stage process driven by the instability of the air-water interface: Air Bubble Entrainment in Free-Surface Turbulen...

Air Bubble Entrainment in Free-Surface Turbulent Shear Flows