Anti-catholicism Today

: Because Catholics answered to the Pope, they were often viewed as inherently unpatriotic or as agents of rival powers like France or Spain.

Anti-Catholicism has evolved from a state-sponsored tool for national unity in the 17th century into a complex cultural and internal phenomenon today. Once used to justify wars and legal exclusion, it now manifests in modern legal doctrine and intense intra-ecclesial conflicts between traditionalist and progressive factions. The Roots: Political Subversion and National Identity anti-catholicism

Early anti-Catholicism was less about personal faith and more about political loyalty. In post-Reformation Britain and the American colonies, the Catholic Church was viewed as a "transnational monolith" led by a "spiritual despot" in Rome. : Because Catholics answered to the Pope, they

: Anti-Catholic sentiment was formalized through laws like the 1875 Blaine Amendment , which aimed to prevent state funding for "sectarian" (Catholic) schools. The Roots: Political Subversion and National Identity Early

: In the Scandinavian and British regions, belonging to any church other than the state-sanctioned Lutheran or Anglican bodies was illegal until the mid-19th century.