: The mean regarding fear and confidence. It is the willingness to face death or pain for a noble end.
This guide covers Books II through IV of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics , focusing on the edition translated with commentary by C.C.W. Taylor . 🏛️ Book II: The Nature of Virtue Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Books II--IV: Tr...
Aristotle establishes that moral virtue is not innate but is acquired through —by repeatedly doing virtuous acts until they become part of one's character. : The mean regarding fear and confidence
: Acts done under compulsion or through ignorance (specifically of particular facts). Taylor
: Acts originating in the agent with knowledge of the circumstances.
: We deliberate about means , not ends . Choice is "deliberate desire" for things in our power. The First Specific Virtues
Aristotle investigates the conditions under which we are responsible for our actions and details the first two specific virtues. Voluntary vs. Involuntary Action