Unification was completed in 1870 with the annexation of Rome from the Papal States. However, the new nation faced deep challenges:
After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna (1815) restored fragmented rule, largely under Austrian influence. Secret societies like the Carbonari and thinkers like Giuseppe Mazzini began pushing for a unified republic. This phase was defined by failed insurrections and a growing "Risorgimento" culture fueled by Romanticism. Italy in the Nineteenth Century 1796-1900 (Shor...
: Sharp economic and social differences (the Mezzogiorno problem) made national consolidation difficult. Unification was completed in 1870 with the annexation
Real political momentum shifted to the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont), led by Victor Emmanuel II and the pragmatic statesman Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour . Through strategic alliances and the military exploits of Giuseppe Garibaldi in the South, the Kingdom of Italy was finally proclaimed on March 17, 1861. This phase was defined by failed insurrections and
: The era was dominated by prime ministers like Depretis and Crispi, who navigated a "highly imperfect democracy" and labor unrest.
By the end of the century in 1900, Italy had successfully transitioned from an isolated entity into a notable power on the global stage, though it remained a nation still grappling with its internal divisions. Italy in the Nineteenth Century: 1796-1900 - Google Books
