: Students may take wild guesses or mumble responses to increase their chances of appearing correct without actually knowing the material. Holt's Educational Philosophy

How Children Fail (Classics in Child Development): Holt, John

Holt observed that instead of trying to understand material, students develop "strategies" to dodge adult demands and "fish" for right answers:

: Children are often terrified of being "wrong," displeasing adults, or losing labels like "gifted". This fear makes them emotionally incapable of checking their own work or exploring new ideas deeply.

Holt identifies three primary psychological barriers that prevent real learning in the classroom: