South Africa: The Rise And Fall Of Apartheid -

: Non-whites were required to carry "passes" (internal passports) to enter or work in white-only areas; failure to produce one resulted in immediate arrest.

: Thousands of students protested the mandatory use of Afrikaans in schools. The brutal police response, which killed hundreds, drew intense international condemnation and sparked a new wave of internal militancy. The Fall of Apartheid (1980s–1994) South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid

Apartheid (meaning "apartness" in Afrikaans ) was a formal system of institutionalized racial segregation and white minority rule in South Africa that lasted from . While racial discrimination existed in South Africa for centuries under Dutch and British colonial rule, the 1948 election of the National Party (NP) codified these practices into rigid, all-encompassing laws. The Rise of Apartheid (1948–1960s) : Non-whites were required to carry "passes" (internal

: Nelson Mandela and other top ANC leaders were sentenced to life in prison in 1964. : The Group Areas Act (1950) mandated separate

: The Group Areas Act (1950) mandated separate residential areas, leading to the forced removal of millions of non-white South Africans from their homes.

: Police killed 69 unarmed protesters demonstrating against pass laws. This event led to the banning of the ANC and PAC, pushing the movement toward armed struggle.