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: British troops opened fire on unarmed Khudai Khidmatgar demonstrators in Peshawar. Hundreds were killed. The volunteers' strict refusal to retaliate with violence despite heavy casualties remains a landmark instance of nonviolent discipline.

: Volunteers wore uniforms dyed with red clay because it was cheap and accessible; the British subsequently labeled them the "Red Shirts." Download khidmatgar pdf

: He challenged the Pashtun code of life. He argued that true bravery ( merana ) and honor ( gherat ) lay in self-restraint and forgiveness, rather than perpetuating generational blood feuds. : British troops opened fire on unarmed Khudai

: Bacha Khan did not merely mimic Mahatma Gandhi. He derived his core doctrine of nonviolence directly from the Quran and the patience displayed by the Prophet Muhammad in Mecca. Download khidmatgar pdf